Essay Samples About Technology - The Basics

Essay Samples About Technology - The BasicsHaving an interesting and informative article written with the help of essay samples about technology and its benefits can put your writing career on a different level. You may be convinced that you need to write for a technology related journal or make articles for the web-based publications that focus on technology. Or you might be convinced that you are capable of writing a scientific paper or give an education on a certain subject based on your work on essay samples about technology.It is important to know that there are different types of people that can do these kinds of jobs. As you continue to read this article, you will come to know that there are different types of writing projects that you can take up. It does not matter what you want to do and where you want to do it.First, you need to get into writing first before you will be able to understand what it takes to become a good writer. Many people, however, might think that getting into writing and then trying to figure out the different kinds of writing projects that they can undertake is the best way to go. This is not true because the first step to writing is to understand what exactly you want to do before you even get started.Second, once you have decided on a subject, the next thing to do is to know how to write. While this is something that is difficult to do initially, it is important to get into writing from the very beginning. This is how you will build your knowledge base and will enable you to get a better understanding of what you are doing.Third, it is also important to know that it is possible to get into writing without knowing the basics. There are lots of websites that offer free online articles for the purpose of writing and this can be a great idea for those who do not have the money to spend. While some may say that this type of writing requires more writing skills, it does not necessarily mean that you are required to be a writer if you have to get something published.Once you understand all these, you can get a better understanding of how the different kinds of writing projects can help you in your writing career. While you might not be able to get something published just by the use of essay samples about technology, you will get your foot in the door of the writing field.Writing is a way to make yourself known. So, it is very important to get yourself into writing because it can have many advantages for you. Once you understand how you can make use of essays samples about technology in your writing career, you will be able to see why this kind of writing is a very important thing to learn.

My Soul Is Rested free essay sample

Option B The Civil Rights Movement in the United States refers to a set of events and reform movements in that country aimed at bringing to an end public and private acts of racial discrimination and racism against African Americans between 1954 to 1968, Whenever the civil rights is brought up there are names that almost always come to mind like Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks. But there are others both black and white that participated in the movement. That are not as famous or not mentioned in history but played a major part in the movement. The book My Soul Is Rested by Howell Raines is a good book that shows exactly from first encounter interviews what went on during the civil rights movement. It has many important interviews that come from the people’s actual point of view of the history of events. Everything that went on during the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955, some of the actual people that participated in the sit-ins, what went on during the Freedom rides and, the campaigns on the school and university integrations Some of the people associated with movement and give an eye witness summary of what went down are student, News reporters, Black and white activist, Lawyers and government officials, and Politicians. We will write a custom essay sample on My Soul Is Rested or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The way the book is laid out is that everything that happened or said is from the people that witnessed and lived it. The book is not focused on one point of view or in a way that the author wants you to take or view what happened under his perspective but in a way that when you read the interviews and recollections, you feel what is going on from the unknown point of view. It puts you in the shoes of the interviewee and makes you see exactly what they are going through. The achievement of the legal victory in the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in the year 1954, rejected separate white and colored school systems and by implication overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in Plessy vs. Ferguson. This victory paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement. But many governors and business men where persistent in letting this happen. As a result a lot of schools shut down rather than put up with integration. Autherine Lucy Foster was the first black student to attend the University of Alabama, in 1956. In 1952, Pollie Ann Myers, and Autherine Lucy foster decided to attend the University of Alabama as a graduate student but, knowing that admission would be difficult due to the Universitys admission policies, she and Myers came up to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for help. On June of 1955, the NAACP secured a court order preventing the University from rejecting their admission applications based upon their race. Days later, the court amended the order to apply to all other African-American students seeking admission. The Supreme Court upheld this in Lucy v. Adams on October 10, 1955. On the very eve of the day Lucy and her friend were to register, her friend got rejected from admissions but Lucy was accepted. Unfortunately, she was banned from all dormitories and dining halls. Lucy enrolled as a graduate student in library science, becoming the first Negro ever admitted to a white public school or university in the state. Her first day of school went good. She sat in front of the class and everything went normal. â€Å"He acts like I’m not here† Is what she said of her professor. (My Soul Is Rested, 325) On the third day of classes, a hostile mob including the Klan assembled to prevent Lucy attending classes. She was escorted out her class as the mob said â€Å"Lets Kill her, Lets kill her,† When asked of what she heard the mob say was â€Å"Hey Hey Ho, where in the hell did Audrey go? Hey Hey Ho, where in the hell did that Nigger go? † (My Soul Is Rested, 327) Lucy was suspended and later expelled for her own safety thee university said. Hamilton Holmes along with Charlayne Hunter was the first two African-American students admitted to the University of Georgia. They where denied their admission to the university but after an eighteen month court battle. Where accepted inside the university. He described his situation by saying. â€Å"I felt that I would be letting down myself and also a lot of other people if I did not accept the challenge. But I tell you, I almost didn’t go, I almost didn’t leave. † (My Soul Is Rested, 334) On one of his days in school he had an incident with the local fraternity KA, They had blocked his vehicle as he was attending class. As he came out and moved the blocked cars, the ringleader of the frat came out and wanted to start trouble with Hamilton Holmes. â€Å"Man, Look, I don’t want any trouble, but if that’s what you want, I’m ready. † He turned around, and he said talking to the boys, â€Å"He sure is talking big ain’t he? (My Soul Is Rested, 335) He managed to scare off the KA boys by pretending to have a gun. His experience in school was not a really welcoming one but after the incident, he did not have any real problems with anyone because they thought he had a gun. Herbert Jenkins was a police chief in Atlanta. He joined the force in 1932 and was made chief in 1947. He was also a member of the Ku Klux Klan. He was assigned as a d river for the mayor in which he had to meet with black people really often. This changed his point of view towards blacks. He said â€Å"†¦. I took a completely different view of this entire situation, because this was the first time I had ever had an opportunity to meet black people that I recognized as better educated, had traveled more, were better off financially than I was, across the board. †. (My Soul Is Rested, 352) He was a good friend of Martin Luther King Sr. He would hear rumors of false accusations about Martin Luther King Jr that he was adopted and that he was smuggled into the united states. He was even contacted by the FBI in trying to do some dirty work for them. On one occasion they wanted to catch Dr King with a white woman in a hotel room only to find out that they were there on a meeting. His cooperation with blacks led the Georgia legislature to pass a bill to take away his police pension. Through it all, he served as chief for 25 years until retiring in 1972 driving the city through racial conflict during the desegregation of public transportation, public schools and parks. he was able to bring all parties to the table helping Atlanta progress mostly peacefully through channels that weaken the other Southern cities. Reporters had it bad. Some Reporters like Richard Veleriani was a diplomatic correspondent with NBC news. In one situation when he was reporting when a man walked behind him and hit him with an Ax handle. They hit him on the side of the head where the bone is at rather than on the top of the head. Richard was stunned and saw that he was bleeding. He r ecalls the conversation with the man that tried to help him. Do you need a doctor? † and I, in a daze looked at my hand and said â€Å"Yes, I think I do. I’m bleeding. † And then he looked at me, he stared me in the face with this ugly look, and he said, â€Å"We don’t have doctors for people like you. † (My Soul Is Rested, 372) Others like Wendell Hoffman, which was the first camera man to be at Selma. Was attacked while he was filming. He recalls that â€Å"They had sticks in their hands, and they were attempting to hit me in the testicles with their sticks, and I was carrying a camera†¦.. And the next time I came to Selma, I went to a store and bought one of these jockstraps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (My Soul Is Rested, 385) Nelson Benton, a news correspondent in Selma on bloody Sunday for CBS wrote â€Å"†¦.. The film was too graphic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦We spent the whole afternoon intercutting violence. † (My Soul Is Rested, 386) The civil rights movement was a battle that everyone fought and was affected by. Many organizations such as the SNCC, NAACP, and the SDS were really active in the Civil Rights Movement fought for the struggle which was more than just civil rights under the law. They fought for the fundamental issues of freedom, respect, economic and social equality. They achieved legislative victory in the form of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that banned discrimination in employment practices and public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that restored and protected voting rights; and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, that banned discrimination in the sale of buying or renting a house. In a political system, after a status had been reached in which every citizen has the same rights by law, the issues of discrimination remains. Even if every person is treated equally by the state, there will never be equality due to discrimination within our society. Works Cited Davis, Townsend (1998). Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 311 Howell Raines (1983) My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South. New York Penguin Books. Http://www. watson. org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/ Http://www. voicesofcivilrights. org/project. html

buy custom International Organisations Essay

buy custom International Organisations Essay International Organizations International organizations IOs is very powerful unit, which gain its effect in the world of international relations after the Second World War has ended. It continues to increase its numbers every year. IOs can be divided into intergovernmental organizations IGOs and non-governmental organizations - NGOs. According to Campbell, MacKinnon and Stevens (2010), an intergovernmental organization is divisible into three or more nation-states that have signed the agreement to create a legal organization with the definition of its purpose. It is often called as an international governmental organization with the abbreviation of IGO. In addition to the foundation agreement, most IGOs also have different authorities that are established to help the organization achieve its goals. In fact, IGOs usually contain the following bodies such as an advisory body, an executive authority and an administrative body. An advisory body discusses the policy. An executive organ makes policy decisions. An administrative body brings it into action. There is no general definition of the non-governmental organizations NGOs. The first direction of the scientific mens views states that NGOs are groups of individuals, which are organized for a variety of reasons that involve human imagination and intention. The second direction is based on the idea that NGOs are stakeholders with the social or economic changes. That can lead to the conclusion that NGOs are organizations which consist of private individuals from any number of nation-states, which take on many of services and functions. The United Nations, or UN, was founded in 1945. Its Headquarter is located in New York City, which became the successor to the League. Like its predecessor, it has tried to prevent conflict between nation-states. Still, it continues to function and has proven an available institution in many ways. It is the largest and most comprehensive IGO in the world. Six principal organs help to assure its proper functioning. First is the United Nations General Assembly UNGA. It is an organ of the UN that acts in legislative level and as the forum where all members can take part in international dialogue either. All member nations can send delegates to the General Assembly. Second is the United Nations Security Council UNSC. It consists of the fifteen members of the UN that maintains peace and security. Ten rotating members sit on the Council who serve two-year terms. The US, Britain, China, Russia, and France are five permanent members with veto power. Third is the United Nations Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC. That organ contributes to international cooperation and elaborateness. It performs the majority of the United Nation work. Fourth is the Trusteeship Council TC. Its responsibility is to assist with the transition of former colonies to independent countries, which went out of commission in 1994. The fifth is the International Court of Justice ICJ. That is the arbitral authority of the United Nations that has the power to hear cases involving nation-states. Sixth is the Secretariat. This organ is a chief administrative office which coordinates and supervises the activities of the UN. Both IGOs and NGOs decrease state sovereignty. However, IGOs worldwide influence has reduced the quality of life in developing countries while NGOs influence has had a positive effect on the quality of live in developing countries. The issues regarding the influence of IGOs and NGOs are extremely relevant everywhere in the globe. The decisions countries consider about their relationship with IGOs and NGOs all the time.

Variations between England and Scotland Research Paper

Variations between England and Scotland - Research Paper Example Article 6 stipulates certain additional features, with regard to criminal cases, in the context of the right to a fair trial. For instance, the accused have to be informed straight away about the charges framed against them, and this has to be in the language that they can comprehend. Moreover, the accused have to be provided with adequate time and facilities to prepare their defense. In addition, they should be permitted to defend themselves in person or through a lawyer of their choice. In addition, the accused in criminal cases have to be provided with legal aid, when they are not in a position to afford legal representation. Furthermore, the accused should be permitted to call and question witnesses, in the same manner as the defense counsel. As such, it is incumbent upon the state to establish courts that provide a fair trial to all the accused. Moreover, the state has to ensure that no individual is punished, in the absence of a fair trial.The procedural protection provided by Article 6 ECHR becomes effective only when a criminal charge is framed against an individual. This protection remains in force until the sentence has been made or an appeal has been decided. All the same, the judicial procedure requirements of Article 6 do not encompass the pre-charge stage of prosecution. This is especially true of the criminal investigation.With regard to the Article 6 ECHR requirement, to conduct trials in criminal cases within the reasonable time, several cases are in existence.

The Profession of Arms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Profession of Arms - Research Paper Example This work employs the ethical processing model to examine the ethical issues facing the modern US military after a decade in persistent wars. In this regard, this paper critically evaluates some three fundamental aspects of the contemporary US military: professionalism, culture, and ethics in the US military. In the analysis, it compares military professionalism with civil professionalism, points out the differences, justify military actions, and points to the direction military professionalism should take. Military culture is also discussed in lengths in addition to being compared with military climate. In evaluating ethics, this paper illustrates possible platforms and avenues of achieving virtues behaviors among individual soldiers in the US military. Finally, this work comes up with a compelling conclusion in which dialogue in light of the discussion presented in this paper is pointed to as solution to ethical issues facing the US military. This paper builds a convincing professi on of arms in the US after a decade in war. INTRODUCTION After close to a decade in war, the performance of soldiers and leaders in the United States Army has continued to be magnificent. While some critical skills have eroded along the way, the US Army is different from what it was in 2001, and continues to be an Army in transition—learning, always seeking to meet the needs of the American People. As a profession—a profession of arms—it is appropriate for the army to examine itself particularly at these times of transition to ensure that that it appreciates and lives up to the principles that define a profession. This can be achieved by understanding three critical ethical issues; what it implies for the army to be a profession of arms; the meaning of an individual being a professional soldier; and an examination of how individual professionals and the army as a profession is working to meet these aspirations after a decade in war (Casey, 2009). THE ARMY AS A P ROFESSION After years of study and practice, the military, like any other profession, should be able to produce uniquely expert work—away from routine or a repetition. In exercise of military professionalism, the military, just like the sick need a cure from the medics, should be able to provide security to the defenseless. In so doing, effectiveness, rather than pure efficacy, should be the defining factor. In this light, one of the ethical issues that face the US military is the continuous development of expertise and the subsequent utilization of that expertise in the best interest of the society only. The security that the American society cannot provide for itself, and without which it cannot survive, the military should provide. In so doing however, the military should employ its expertise only in accordance to the values held by the Nation (Dempsey, 2010). One of the factors that underline the existence of the army is the applications of lethal force. Unlike other prof essions, the weapons and operations of a soldier are lethal, and individual soldiers must be ready to kill and die in response to the needs of a republic. However, the US Army aspect of professionalism has waned over the years, depicting itself more as an occupation than a profession (Casey, 2009). In particular, the US military has gone professional during expansion and later phases of war while it turns ‘occupational’ during contraction and after wars. A good illustration to this aspect is the post-World War 2 in Korea and post-Vietnam. The coming to being of an all-volunteer force in 1971 and the subsequent rebuilding of the Army NCO Corps Post-Vietnam did not end this trend. This was followed by more professionalism during Desert Storm and more of managerial aspects over the next decade. Today, after close to a decade in war, the US army exhibits more traits of a professional outfit as opposed to the institutional side of the army. However, in the contemporary globa l era of persistent conflict, the professional

General Motors And Its Impact On The Environment Commerce Essay

General Motors And Its Impact On The Environment Commerce Essay Industrialization and technological advancement have resulted in humans having had to bear an opportunity cost in the form of environmental damage for increased production and the firms then face this opportunity cost in the form of reduced profits. Owing to the enforcement of such policies many companies have been made to re-evaluate their production strategies and have thus been negatively affected. In the United States, as is the case in most industrialized nations, the leading cause of pollution is the industrial community. Therefore, because of this, most of the industrial sector is under heavy surveillance by the American government so as to prevent any violators of environmental policies or acts and thus reduce the effects of environmental damage.   Pollutants that emanate from automobile operation have begun to create environmental problems of a considerable extent. According to a report around seventy percent of the carbon monoxide, forty-five percent of the nitrogen oxides, and thirty-four percent of the hydrocarbon pollution come from automobile exhausts in America (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). Moreover with regards to this fact both the authors, Breno Nunes and David Bennet (2010) stated in their article that the main environmental impact from car production is down to solid waste generation, emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and high energy and water consumption. Inadequate or irresponsible management of landfill sites and wreckers yards may also contaminate the soil and aquifers as end-of-life cars are dumped or scrapped. Add in the environmental impact of day-to-day car usage and a dark, sooty, gloomy environmental picture looms through the murk. These procedures when left unchecked led to severe environmental damages which can be reflected in the fact when according to Martin V. Melossi (n.d) who stated that these damages were confirmed once again by the killer smog which plagued London and New York, causing over four thousand and two hundred deaths in those cities, respectively. This led Congress to legislate the National Air Pollution Control Act in 1955 so that more theories could be tested on the pollution of the atmosphere. Furthermore, according to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2000), approximately 2.95 million metric tons (6.5 billion pounds) of toxic chemicals from 2,000 industrial facilities have been annually released into the environment, which includes almost 45,360 metric tons (100 million pounds) of chemicals and agents that have been recognized to have been causing cancer. Such is also the case for General Motors, part of the leading automobile industry, where the business corporation has been throughout the years accused and penalized for damaging the environment through activities that directly affect the ecosystem. General Motors and its impact on the Environment Martin V. Velossi (n.d) in view of the damages caused by the automobile industry to the environment stated as to the purpose of the automobile industry pursuing such a damaging path that affected the environment that General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler did not think that they could sell small cars. They believed that there wasnt enough demand for them. So far as they had less expensive fuel for their cars, bigger and stronger automobiles would be manufactured. These bigger cars had a lot more horse-power in them, which facilitated faster travel. Cars with a built-in automatic transmission, which were being offered alongside 91 percent of the cars, resulted in a better and more comfortable ride. What the companies didnt realize was that there would be a few negative externalities that they would have to deal with, in pursuit of their goals. Gasoline shortages and air pollution were the direct result of such actions. This clearly reflects the purpose of the automobile industry in flaunt ing environmental acts and legislatures. According to Mike Westfall (2009), General Motors were accustomed to having been in trouble for their nefarious toxic waste disposal methods. An example is stated where the EPA complained about one of the New York General Motors plant which was deemed to pose a major hazard to human health. It was said that the General Motors plant released enormous amounts of PCB which are cancer-causing in nature. The plant was deemed very hazardous. What this shows is the extent of the damaging inflicted by the company since the 19th century when it began its foundry related operations.   Mike Westfall further demonstrates and supports his facts by interviewing Mike Bennett (2009), who represented General Motors workers, who stated that the General Motors Flint Ternstedt factory had numerous chemical ponds where lethal and poisonous elements were disposed of. A lot of the dwellers of that area were highly affected because they had wells which were polluted, thus their drinking water supply was no longer clean. The people who worked in that factory had become exposed to the deadly toxins, too, and they were infected by cancerous cells that speeded up their deaths by around three times the national average. Furthermore, in the recent case of California v. General Motors Corp. (2007), California filed a suit against six of the worlds leading automakers namely GM, Toyota, Ford, Honda, DaimlerChrysler, and Nissan because of the fact that their vehicles contributed the most to global warming and heavily effected California. The complaint declared that all the aforementioned companies were involved in a national crisis because they discharged more than 289 million metric tons of emissions, which ranked them highly worldwide. The lawsuit sought for monetary damages for the environmental degradation that occurred in California. According to the Public information office whereby the United States announced $773 million settlement with General Motors to resolve environmental liabilities and according to the information released by Ellen Davis, Edeli Rivera and Jessie Erwin (2010), the old General Motors would have to give more than $641.4 million. Other stipulations included giving more bursaries in the form of non-cash assets. These were to be given so that the old plant sites which have been polluted could be properly sanitized against toxicity. Moreover, the old General Motors has already spent nearly $11.5 million in order to tidy up their plants which have been contaminated. This showed that the past activities of General Motors had been damaging to the environment proving to have been detrimental for the company itself as well as the environment. After these lawsuits had been filed against General Motors and bankruptcy had been declared, a new corporation, the new GM, was formed which aimed at being environment friendly.   Strategies Implemented General Motors had to with respect to their past proceedings, adapt to the changing environment and client base so as to earn sufficient profits with regards to having an environment friendly image. This was an essential point to consider as was elaborated by Breno Nunes and David Bennet (2010) stated that defining strategic operations objectives is strongly connected to environmental issues. The operations function of a company encounters environmental protection issues directly because its the main source of harmful emissions, so environmental management programs and policies should be carefully developed to strengthen operations strategy. Moreover with regards to the three leading companies, Toyota, GM and Volkswagen, the authors stated that these companies have addressed the main environmental impact of manufacturing through technology-based solutions. Paint shops were converted to use waterborne paint sprayers, and water-based solvents were also introduced into processes. Energy and water conservation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, waste management (including recyclable and non-recyclable waste) and recycling are the main initiatives to achieve greener production. On this matter the company itself, General Motors, (General motors, 2002) stated that it had contributed to the clean-up and drop in the amount of emissions. They have also saved up natural resources and got rid of the majority of the effluents. The company has also released seven annual reports which give further details on the matter at hand. This in fact shows the efforts involved on behalf of the corporation to improve the environmental conditions and to make significant reductions in the damages inflicted by the corporation.   According to a newspaper article (Mich Warren, 2008) it was asserted that Gary Cowger, the vice president of General Motors global manufacturing and labor, ascertained that GM could find the right solutions to the problems it faced which limited their production capabilities due to the environmental laws imposed on the automobile industry. He, Gary Cowger (2008) further stated that as novel ideas in the propulsion of automobiles are proposed, General Motors is making enormous strides to diminish the negative impact on worldwide ecosystems. The  newspaper further established the fact that more than 96 percent of the leftover discharge is recycled or salvaged at General Motors plants and 3 percent is transformed into energy. This is what General Motors is striving for and it will help sustain the environment. General Motors are receiving almost $1 billion, annually, from their salvaged material sales. $16  million is further received from its sale of recycled materials (Mich Warren, 2008).   Government and Environmental Group Relations For a company like General Motors to maintain its market share and customers it was necessary and imperative that the relations and ties be strengthened with the government and environmental groups and agencies so as to promote an image where they reflected the fact that the company was not only about earning profits but cared for the people that it directly and indirectly targeted.   In an article Larry Cotrell (2001), GMs environmental engineer commented on the importance of establishing ties with the government and stated that the regulations imposed by the state were far more rigorous and inflexible as compared to the regulations imposed by the federal government. He stated that State governments know better what concerns and benefits its citizens in each municipality. Also the federal government doesnt have to cope with the various industrial/environmental complexities and differences of each of the 50 states.   Dennis A. Rondinelli and Michael A. Berry (2000) with regards to this fact stated that more customer loyalty can be sought by being environmentally friendly. This can also result in an increase in the overall efficiency. Workers would also be willing to stay for longer periods of time. Proactive environmental management allows companies to maintain control over their own environmental activities, provide evidence of planning and interaction to address environmental issues, and influence future regulatory and competitive requirements.   Furthermore the authors in their journal affirmed that General Motors was indeed a company that maintained an association with such environmental agencies. They stated that General Motors entered a partnership with the Nature Conservancy to provide $5 million over five years to help the environmental group preserve land and water ecosystems in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Asia-Pacific Region. In addition to this fact, the authors pointed out the fact that General Motors (1998) created a GM Suppliers Environmental Advisory Team in 1997 to improve mutual understanding of environmental programs and efficiency and evaluate new ideas to promote eco-efficiency throughout its supply chain. which goes to reveal the extent to which environmental friendly initiatives were taken by the company.   The New General Motors: Environment friendly vehicles According to Chris Foster and Ken Green (200), The rest: in these cases, green issues receive only limited attention, most commonly in the form of a compliance check. Little innovative effort will be directed specifically to improving green performance in these cases. However, if the environmental impact of the product or service is linked to its effectiveness in providing its main function, green performance may be improved indirectly: such achievements may or may not be promoted as part of the product-marketing effort. If they are, green issues may receive additional attention, as in situation. Therefore when considering the case of General Motors, such innovative efforts as the introduction of EV1 as well as the research in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles (HVs and FCVs) will help in improving the automobile industry by reducing the environmental damages. Concerning the development of HVs and FCVs, Vanessa Oltra (2007) stated that As a consequence since 2000, there is a significant increase in research and development activities of car manufacturers in the field of fuel cells. Even if a majority of stakeholders present FCVs as the future new technological paradigm for transportation, there remain a lot of uncertainties concerning the production and the storage of hydrogen, the indirect emissions and the costs of the necessary infrastructures. That is the reason why more recently, HVs have progressively developed and plays now a dominant role in the innovative strategy of car manufacturers. Moreover, concerning this issue, Robert F. Service stated that it would be far from rea soning to give up on the technology available at hand. There are just two types of vehicles which can get the job done, only one of which are available for sale in the markets in the near future. As of recent date General Motors (General Motors, 2010) was bestowed the honorary Energy and Environmental Excellence award  in view of the efforts that it contributed towards sustaining the environmental conditions of the ecosystems. This award helped reduce the effects of the past stigmas associated with the dealings of GM whereby they had been on several occasions been accused and heavily penalized for the number of damages they had inadvertently caused to the environment from the introduction of such vehicles and automobiles that led to such adverse acts.   The company recently introduced a vehicle known as the EV1 which was an electric vehicle, so as to combat the limitations that environmental laws imposed by the government on the automobile industry. This form of a vehicle was powered only by using batteries. This change was not only an initiative to introduce this vehicle but a radical significant change was also brought about in the workings of the company. Brian C. Johnson (1999) stated with respect to the introduction of this vehicle that In the case of General Motors, a change in environmental mindset helped lead to the development of a revolutionary new vehicle, the EVl, while the same vehicle also continues to be the force behind further change at the company, and even in the industry as a whole. He further evaluated the benfits of this type of a change whereby he stated that Clearly, the EVl has environmental benefits, both in terms of improved air quality in the long term and environmental compatibility. Since the EVl does not rely on petroleum for its propulsion, the power train is significantly more environmentally friendly than internal combustion vehicles. Moreover the author suggested that this initiative was in no regards a product that was launched keeping in mind the environmental benefits it could reap. He stated that in the early stages of developing the EVl/Impact, very little thought was given to using the EVl as a tool to improve GMs environmental image. It was only later that executives realized that the EVl could have the double benefit of simultaneously improving the companys technological and environmental images, both of which were in dire need of attention. In addition to this fact the author goes on to imply that The only way that GM was going to improve its environmental image was to do something tangible. The EVl is about as tangible as one can get. If GM is able to use the EVl to make its first leap toward the environmental compatibility of its products, it could find itself in a better position than any domestic automaker-to be seen as the environmental car company. Furthermore, Dr. Thomas Turrentine, et al. (2006) found that the advantages pertaining to hybrid cars were numerous and not only because they were environment friendly. They have the potential to outperform other currently existing vehicles in the matters of fuel efficiency. They stated that Oil is a finite resource, and many have predicted that we are reaching what is called peak oil, the point at which the rate of extraction of oil from all developable oil resources and reserves begins to slow. This reflects the fact that due to greater dependency on oil, the reserves will quickly diminish, hence establishing the need for such hybrid vehicles. With regards to the company the authors stated that General Motors Silverado truck is a light hybrid. It replaces the normal flywheel of a gasoline engine with an integrated starter generator that shuts the engine off whenever the vehicle is not moving, improving fuel economy by a few percent. This depicts the sustainable methods being adopted by the company. Moreover they also stated that In theory, HEV technologies can make all vehicles use less fuel than a normal combustion design, whether they burn gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, natural gas, or hydrogen. Hybrid vehicle designs improve the environmental performance of all of these vehicles and stretch their potential to meet demand in the future. However, no HEVs are sold yet using one of these other fuels. In addition to this the author also stated that, HEVs provide a broad set of benefits to consumers including better fuel economy, quiet operation, low to zero emissions in sensitive locations such as schools and enclosed parking areas, better fuel economy instrumentation, longer lasting and better braking designs. Therefore when considering the case of General Motors it can be recommended that the company in tis proactive environment friendly research should research upon innovative methods and employ them in order to effectively improve its image as well its sales of greener products such EV1 and hybrid cars. As Chris Foster and Ken Green (2000) effectively stated that, Involving sales and marketing, two functions crucial to communication between a business and its environment, would seem to be essential to success in this process. In addition, if exchange of information about green issues between the different actors that make up the green innovation framework could be established as the norm, it would be easier to balance changes that bring greener performance with the other factors that must influence the direction and outcomes of RD projects.

Problems with Iran :: Iran Economics Allies History Essays

Problems with Iran Iran is a country located in the Middle East. The main source of income for the country is oil, the one object that had greatly influenced its history. Iran's present government is run as an Islamic Republic. A president, cabinet, judicial branch, and Majilesor or legislative branch, makes up the governmental positions. A revolution that overthrew the monarch, which was set in 1930, lasted over 15 years. Crane Brinton's book, An Anatomy of a Revolution, explains set of four steps a country experiences when a revolution occurs. Symptoms, rising fever, crisis, and convalescence are the steps that occur. The Iranian Revolution followed the four steps in Crane Brinton's theory, symptoms, rising fever, crisis, and convalescence occurred. Numerous symptoms led to the crumbling downfall of Reza Shah Pahlavi, ruler of Iran until 1978. One of these symptoms is rising expectations which can be seen during the 1960's and 70's. The rich Shah cleared the way for the land reform law, enacted in 1962. The land minority had to give up its land to the government, and among those stripped of land, were the Shi'ah Muslims. Iran's power structure was radically changed in a program termed the "White Revolution". On January 26, 1963, the White Revolution was endorsed by the nation. By 1971, when land distribution ended, about 2,500,000 families of the farm population benefited from the reforms. From 1960-72 the percentage of owner occupied farmland in Iran rose from 26 to 78 percent. Per capita income rose from $176 in 1960 to $2,500 in 1978. From 1970-77 the gross national product was reported to increase to an annual rate of 7.8% ("Iran" 896). As a result of this thriving economy, the income gap rapidly widened. Exclusive homes, extravagant restaurants, and night clubs and streets loaded with expensive automobiles served as daily reminders of a growing income spread. This created a perfect environment for many conflicts to arise between the classes. Iran's elite class consisted of wealthy land owners, intelligencia, military leaders, politicians, and diplomats. The Elite continued to support the monarchy and the Shah. The peasants were victim of unfulfilled political expectations, surveillance by the secret police, and the severe social and economic problems that resulted from modernization. The middle class favored socialism over capitalism, because capitalism in their view supported the elite, and does not benefit the lower classes. The middle class was the most changeable element in the group, because they enjoyed some of the privileges of the elite, which they would like to protect. At the same time, they believed that they had been cheated by the elite out of their share of the industrialization wealth (Orwin 43).